He refers to exmodernism in the following terms: “There are two discriminable positions usually conflated under the term “postmodernism.” Exmodernism regards modernity as deeply flawed, and so rejects the principles it believes are intrinsic to modernity, without returning to the premodern, which it sees as similarly flawed. Modernity has ended, is ending, or ought to end. Exmodernists do not reject the basic tendencies or characteristics of social modernity. While they may describe the contemporary economy as “postindustrial” (like Lyotard), they accept some kind of liberal republicanism, and the desirability of new technology, science, and high living standards. Their focus is on the cultural and theoretical interpretation of these phenomena. They wish to encourage pluralism of all kinds (e.g., “multiculturalism”), question the meaning of cultural-theoretical dichotomies (power/knowledge, empirical/ideal, rational/non-rational, female/male, human/non-human, and so forth), eliminate any vestiges of theological and metaphysical foundations (e.g., in constitutional law), and undermine comprehensive philosophical and ideological systems (e.g., as “metanarratives”). Richard Rorty, Jean-Francois Lyotard, and, occasionally, Michel Foucault are examples, and they all refer back to Nietzsche (although Nietszche himself cannot be unambigiuously identified with the postmodernists).” (pp. 204-205). “While on the grounds of philosophical consistency exmodernism ought, perhaps, to end up in the normative cul-de-sac with surmodernism and pessimodernism, in practice it has carved out a position in current political debate by championing social and cultural pluralism and criticising any concept with anti-egalitarian implications. It is an important interlocutor in debates in higher education; for example, in the form of “multiculturalism” it opposes the traditionalist “canon”. (p. 206) “Exmodernism must rely on counter-attack. It can fight but cannot win: ill-suited to the mantle of authority, its victory would be its defeat.” (p206)